↑ Daryaee, edited by Touraj; A. Shapour Shahbazi (2012). The Oxford handbook of Iranian history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. tr. 131. ISBN978-0-19-973215-9. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 12 năm 2016. Although the Persians and Medes shared domination and others were placed in important positions, the Achaemenids did not -- could not -- provide a name for their multinational state. Nevertheless, they referred to it as Khshassa, "the Empire".
↑ Yarshater, Ehsan (1993). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. tr. 482. ISBN978-0-521-20092-9. Of the four residences of the Achaemenids named by Herodotus — Ecbatana, Pasargadae or Persepolis, Susa và Babylon — the last [situated in Iraq] was maintained as their most important capital, the fixed winter quarters, the central office of bureaucracy, exchanged only in the heat of summer for some cool spot in the highlands. Under the Seleucids and the Parthians the site of the Mesopotamian capital moved a little to the north on the Tigris — to Seleucia và Ctesiphon. It is indeed symbolic that these new foundations were built from the bricks of ancient Babylon, just as later Baghdad, a little further upstream, was built out of the ruins of the Sassanian double city of Seleucia-Ctesiphon.
↑ Greek and Iranian, E. Tucker, A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, ed. Anastasios-Phoivos Christidēs, Maria Arapopoulou, Maria Chritē, (Cambridge University Press, 2001), 780.
↑ Windfuhr, Gernot. “IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (1) Overview – Encyclopaedia Iranica”. www.iranicaonline.org (bằng tiếng Anh). Encyclopedia Iranica. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 2 năm 2017. Elamite as one of the official languages of the Achaemenid court was still widely spoken in the southwest.
↑ Boiy, T. (2004). Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon. Peeters Publishers. tr. 101. ISBN978-90-429-1449-0.
↑ Morris, Ian; Scheidel, Walter (2009). The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium. Oxford University Press. tr. 77. ISBN978-0-19-975834-0.
↑ Josef Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, (I.B. Tauris Ltd, 2007), 119.
1 2 George Willis Botsford, An Ancient History for Beginners, trang 32
1 2 3 4 Jackson J. Spielvogel, Western Civilization: To 1715, các trang 47-49.
↑ John B. Calkin, Historical Geography of Bible Lands, trang 150
↑ Insight, Thomas Goltz, Insight Guide: Turkey, trang 13
↑ Samuel Willard Crompton, Cyrus the Great, trang 85
↑ Diodorus (Siculus.), Edwin Murphy, The antiquities of Asia: a translation with notes of book II of the Library of history, of Diodorus Siculus, trang 58
